Category: Child Development and Pedagogy

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs also known as Maslow’s Theory of Motivation states that man’s behaviour is controlled by both internal and external motivational factors which he calls ‘needs’. He described that some needs are more basic or more powerful than other and as the needs are satisfied, other higher needs emerge. Maslow classified needs into two categories:-

1. Basic Needs
2. Growth Needs

Read – Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development

Basic Needs

As per Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs, Basic Needs are as following:-

• Physiological: The needs for body as sleep and rest, food, sex, shelter, drink and oxygen.
• Safety: The needs for safety, sense of stability and security.

Growth Needs

As per Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs, Growth Needs are as following:-

• Love and belonging: The need for love, affection, relationship, and care.
• Esteem: The need for self-respect, confidence, mastery, achievement, competence, respect from others, acceptance, reputation, recognition, status and prestige.
• Understanding and Knowledge: The need for exploring, discover, finding solution, meaning, satisfying curiosity, seek intellectual challenges.
• Aesthetics: The need for beauty in the surroundings.
• Self-Actualization: The need for growth and development, achieving desires, self fulfillment, utilization of potential.

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Check Complete List – Competitive Exam Preparation

• Previous Year Questions on Learning Disabilities for TET
• मनोविज्ञान से संबन्धित महत्वपूर्ण कथन – Important One Liners
• CTET Previous Years Questions on Piaget, Kohlberg & Vygotsky with Answer
• Human Growth and Development Difference for CTET
• Stages of Child Development for CTET and other TET

In Piaget theory of Cognitive Development, Piaget observed that children think in a different way from adults. Therefore, Piaget put an idea that “Thought not only determines language, but also precedes it”. Following are the Stages of Development as per Piaget theory of Cognitive Development :-

Read – CTET Syllabus 2019 for Paper II – Elementary Stage

Stages of Development by Piaget

• Sensori – Motor Stage (birth – 2 years)
• Pre-Operational Stage (2 -7 years)
• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
• Formal Operational Stage (11- 15 years and above)

Read – Micro Teaching for CTET and Other TET Preparation

Sensori-Motor Stage (birth – 2 years)

• Infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through senses (i.e. through eyes, nose, ears, mouth and touch) and manipulation of object, build an understanding of the world.
• Absence of language convey through senses and motor activity.
• Object permanence – infants developing the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
• In this stage, infants show goal oriented behaviour.

Pre-operational Stage(2-7 years)

• At this stage, child begins to use language, symbols and gestures.
• In this stage children learn through pretend and play.
• Children become more imaginative, good at remembering object.
• Egocentric thinking/nature
• In this stage, object identification start.
• In this stage Child thinks intuitively not logically.
• Illogical Thinking or transductive reasoning
• Animism-inanimate objects like toys have feeling and emotion.
• In this stage vocabulary increases from about 200 words at 2 years to about 2000 words at 7 years.
• Absence of Reversibility and conservation.

Learn Divisibility Rules of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

• At this stage child starts to think more logically and systematically but continue to be rigid.
• They Start exploring and wandering
• In the child, the concept formation begins and child starts to learn classification of objects.
• Children become less centered on themselves i.e. no longer egocentric.
• At this stage, Conservation-Imagination of the previous stage is replaced with actual facts.
• Child start solving mathematical problems by using fingers, building block etc.
• They start to share thoughts, feelings and opinions.

Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years and above)

• At this stage of development child learns to deal with abstraction by logical thinking
• The child becomes Creative, idealistic, and use deductive reasoning
• Child start to think more scientifically and logically about things around them
• At this stage child solve problem using their logical mind and hypothetical reasoning.

Read – Learning Disabilities for CTET and other TET

You may use ‘comment section’ below for your valuable comments/feedback.

Check Complete List – Competitive Exam Preparation

• Previous Year Questions on Learning Disabilities for TET
• मनोविज्ञान से संबन्धित महत्वपूर्ण कथन – Important One Liners
• CTET Previous Years Questions on Piaget, Kohlberg & Vygotsky with Answer
• Human Growth and Development Difference for CTET
• Stages of Child Development for CTET and other TET