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Child Development and Pedagogy

Motivation and Type of Motivation for CTET and TET

In this post you will learn about Motivation and Motivation Type for CTET and TET preparation. Motivation is a latin word derived from “motum”. It means to move/in-motion. Motivation is internal energy force which makes a person to initiate any work, activity or sustain the activity.

According to William Mc Dougall “Motivation is physiological and psychological condition in the organism that disposes it to act in a certain way”. According to Good “Motivation is the process of arriving, sustaining and regulating activity”.

Read – CTET 2019 Syllabus Paper-I (Primary Stage)

Motivation as a process or behavior refer to a reinforced, selective and goal directed behavior initiated and energized by a motive which aims to maintain balance and equilibrium of the person in relation to his environment by keeping his basic needs in the process of satisfaction. There are two types of motivation :-

  1. Natural Motivation or Intrinsic Motivation
  2. Artificial Motivation or Extrinsic Motivation

Read CTET Syllabus Paper-II (Class VI to VIII)

1. Natural or Intrinsic (Internal) Motivation

The natural or intrinsic motivation is an internal force within the individual which propels him to do certain activity. Hence, this type of motivation is directly linked with natural urges instincts of the organism.

The naturally or intrinsically motivated individual performs an act because he finds interest in that particular activity. He engages in learning because he finds pleasure in the learning of that thing.

Eg: A student who enjoys solving mathematical problems and does the problem solving because he gets pleasure in that. His pleasure motivates him for doing mathematical problems.

2. Artificial or Extrinsic (External) Motivation

The artificial or external motivation is an external force which propels him to do certain activity. In artificial motivation the source of motivation does not lie within the task. Hence the individual does or learn particular task for obtaining some goal or some external reward.

Anyone should use external motivation with caution because it can decrease the natural motivation.

Eg: A runner who wants to win the race will require constant practice as compared to a person who runs for enjoying the fun from it.

Read – Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs for CTET

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Child Development and Pedagogy

Micro Teaching – for CTET and Other TETs Preparation

Micro Teaching - for CTET and Other State TETs Preparation
Micro Teaching Cycle

Micro teaching is a teacher training technique. This technique was was first developed by Dwight W Allen in 1963. It is an effective technique, used to build up skills, confidence and modification of teaching style and behavior in teachers. Therefore, it helps to learn and practice giving constructive feedback.

Read – Piaget theory of Cognitive Development

According to Allen “this technique as a scaled down method encounter in class size and period”. Hence, it is also called scale down teaching approach. The objective of this technique is to reduce:-

  • Class size ( 5 to 10 pupils)
  • Topic size
  • Classroom complexities
  • Time duration

Read – Learning Disabilities for CTET and Other TET Preparation

Micro Teaching Cycle / Steps involved

  1. Plan
  2. Teach – 6 Minutes
  3. Feedback – 6 Minutes
  4. Re-plan – 12 Minutes
  5. Re-teach – 6 Minutes
  6. Re-Feedback – 6 Minutes

Total Minutes taken: 36 Minutes

Micro Teaching - for CTET and Other State TETs Preparation
Micro Teaching Cycle

Read – CTET 2019 Syllabus for Paper-II (Elementary Stage)

Principles of Micro Teaching

The principles are as below: –

  • It is a real teaching technique.
  • This technique emphasize on one skill at a time.
  • It help to develop the effectiveness of feedback.
  • The process of exercise can be controlled.

Read – CTET Questions on Growth and Development

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Child Development and Pedagogy

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs – for CTET other TET

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs also known as Maslow’s Theory of Motivation states that man’s behaviour is controlled by both internal and external motivational factors which he calls ‘needs’. He described that some needs are more basic or more powerful than other and as the needs are satisfied, other higher needs emerge. Maslow classified needs into two categories:-

  1. Basic Needs
  2. Growth Needs

Read – Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development

Basic Needs

As per Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs, Basic Needs are as following:-

  • Physiological: The needs for body as sleep and rest, food, sex, shelter, drink and oxygen.
  • Safety: The needs for safety, sense of stability and security.

Growth Needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs

As per Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs, Growth Needs are as following:-

  • Love and belonging: The need for love, affection, relationship, and care.
  • Esteem: The need for self-respect, confidence, mastery, achievement, competence, respect from others, acceptance, reputation, recognition, status and prestige.
  • Understanding and Knowledge: The need for exploring, discover, finding solution, meaning, satisfying curiosity, seek intellectual challenges.
  • Aesthetics: The need for beauty in the surroundings.
  • Self-Actualization: The need for growth and development, achieving desires, self fulfillment, utilization of potential.

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Child Development and Pedagogy

Learning Disabilities – for CTET and other TET Exams

Learning Disabilities - for CTET and all other State TETs Exam Preparation
Learning Disabilities - for CTET and all other State TETs Exam Preparation

Learning disabilities is an important topic for CTET and other state TET Exams preparation. Learning disabilities are neuro-biological disability that affect one’s ability to listen, speak, think, write, read, problem solving. Few types of such disabilities are Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia, Dyspraxia and Dysphasia/ Aphasia.

1. Dyslexia

Dyslexia is the disability with reading. Children face difficulty in recognition of word, letters and other symbols.

Read – Riverside Cities in India in Hindi

2. Dysgraphia

Dysgraphia is the disability with writing. Children face difficulties with spelling. They have poor handwriting and they will also face difficulties in organizing ideas. 

3. Dyscalculia

Dyscalculia is the disability with Mathematics. Children with Dyscalculia face difficulty in problem solving, recalling number sequences. They have poor sense of direction, computing problem and problem with numbers.

Read – Divisibility Rules of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6

4. Dyspraxia

Dyspraxia is a development disorder. Children affected with Dyspraxia face problems with motor coordination.

5. Dysphasia/Aphasia

Dysphasia or Aphasia is difficulty with language.

Symptoms of Learning Disabilities

  • Poor Memory
  • Poor Reading/Writing
  • Difficulty in understanding the alphabets
  • Poor Coordination
  • Difficulty in following direction
  • Problems with mathematics
  • Difficulty in understanding the numbers or calculation

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Maths

Divisibility Rules of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6

Divisibility by 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 and 16

After reading this, you will be able to determine quickly, whether a certain number is divisible by a certain number (divisor) or not. You will learn the divisibility rules of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. For different divisors, the rules are different. Read them one by one and practice them as per exercise given. After a little practice you will be able to memorize all the rules.

Divisibility Rule of 2

If the last digit of any number is either 0 or even, the number will be divisible by 2.

For example 10, 34, 46 are even numbers hence they are divisible by 2 but 3, 13, 99 are odd numbers hence they are not divisible by 2.

Exercise: Check whether the following numbers are divisible by 2 or not?
23, 34, 73, 39, 167, 200

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Divisibility Rule of 3

If the sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 3, the number will be divisible by 3.

For example the sum of all the digits of number 123 is 6 (1+2+3). Hence 123 is divisible by 3.

Exercise: Check whether the following numbers are divisible by 3 or not?
3, 13, 23, 34, 73, 39, 122, 129, 167, 200

Divisibility Rule of 4

If the last two digits a given number is divisible by 4, the number will be divisible by 4. Also if the last two digits of a number 00 the number will be divisible by 4.

For example the the last two digits of 112 are 12, which is divisible by 4. Hence the number 112 will be divisible by 4.

The number 10000 will be divisible by 4 because the last two digits are 00.

Exercise: Check whether the following numbers are divisible by 4 or not?
10, 20, 114, 225, 346, 673

Read – Piaget theory of Cognitive Development

Divisibility Rule of 5

If the last digit of a number is either 0 or 5, the number will be divisible by 5.

For example the last digit of 75 is 5, so it is divisible by 5. The last digit of 33 is neither 0 not 5, so it is not divisible by 5.

Exercise: Check the divisibility of following numbers by 5.
10, 20, 23, 34, 73, 39, 114, 225, 346, 673

Divisibility Rule of 6

If a number is divisible by both 2 and 3, the number will be divisible by 6.

For example the number 66 is divisible by 2 (as last digit is even) as well as by 3 (the sum of all digit is 12, which is divisible by 3), so it is divisible by 6.

The number 76 is not divisible by 6 because it is divisible by 2 (last digit is even) but not by 3 (sum 13 is not divisible by 3).

Exercise: Check the divisibility of following numbers by 6.
10, 20, 23, 34, 39, 73, 39, 39, 114, 225, 346, 673, 12273

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Check Complete List – Maths

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