In most of the competitive examinations, questions have been asked from Area and Perimeter. Basic formulas for calculation of Area and Perimeter of 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional figures have been given in this post.
Figure
Perimeter
Area
Nomenclature
Triangle
a+b+c
(bh)/2
b= base h= altitude a,b,c= side of triangles
Parallelogram
2(a+b)
ah
a= side b= side adjacent to a h= distance between the parallel sides
Rectangle
2(a+b)
ab
a= length b= breadth
Square
4a
a2 d2/2
a= side d= diagonal
Rhombus
4a
(d1d2)/2
a= side d1 and d2= Diagonals
Trapezium
sum of 4 sides
h(a+b)/2
a,b= parallel sides h= distance between parallel sides
Circle
2πr
πr2
r= radius of circle π= 22/7 or 3.1416
Semicircle
πr+2r
(πr2)/2
r= radius of circle π= 22/7 or 3.1416
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India is well known as a country of cultural and traditional festivals as it has many cultures and religions. India is also well known for its Traditional Art and Crafts. Specific festivals, traditional crafts and art of specific region in India are given below:
मनुष्य के घरों का रूप समय एवं भौगोलिक स्थिति के अनुसार बदलता रहता है। इस पोस्ट में विभिन्न क्षेत्रों के विभिन्न प्रकार के घरDifferent Type of Houses के बारे में बताया गया है ।
विभिन्न प्रकार के घर
मिट्टी के घर
मिट्टी के घर सामान्यत: गांवों में पाये जाते हैं ।
ऐसे घर उन जगहों पर भी पाये जाते हैं, जहां गर्मी ज्यादा होती है, जैसे राजस्थान
मिट्टी के घरों की दीवारें मोटी होती है जिससे गर्मी अंदर ना जा सके।
ऐसे घरों की छत झाड़ियों या छप्पर की बनी होती है ।
इन घरों की मिट्टी को मजबूत बनाने के लिए, मिट्टी में भूसा मिलाया जाता है ।
ऐसे घरों को मिट्टी से लीपा जाता है, जिससे मिट्टी टूटे नहीं ।
इन घरों के फर्श को गोबर से लीपा जाता है, ताकि कीड़े ना आयें ।
लकड़ी / बाँस के घर
बाँस या लकड़ी के घर उन जगहों पर बनाए जाते हैं, जहां बारिश बहुत होती है ।
ये जमीन से दस-बारह फुट ऊँचे बाँस के मज़बत खंभों पर बनाए जाते हैं , ताकि बाढ़ आने पर घर को कोई नुकसान न हो ।
ऐसी जगहों पर बारिश भी होती है और बर्फ भी पड़ती है ।
ऐसे घरों की छत ढलवा होती है, जिससे बारिश का पानी या बर्फ नीचे गिर जाये ।
कीड़ों से बचाने के लिए, इन घरों पर चूने की पुताई होती है ।
ये घर एक से दो मंजिल के होते हैं ।
ऐसे घर लद्दाख, जम्मू-कश्मीर, हिमाचल प्रदेश में पाये जाते हैं ।
ईंट के मकान
ऐसे घर समतल क्षेत्रों (मैदीनी भागों) में पाये जाते हैं ।
ये घर एक मंजिली भी होते हैं और बहुमंजिली भी ।
बर्फ के घर / इग्लू
बर्फ के घर, बर्फीले क्षेत्रों में पाये जाते हैं ।
इन घरों को इग्लू भी कहते हैं ।
ये घर बर्फ के ब्लोक्स को जोड़कर बनाए जाते हैं ।
ये गुंबद के आकार के होते हैं ।
इन घरों के दरवाजे छोटे होते हैं, ताकि बर्फीली हवाएँ अंदर ना आ सकें ।
ये घर एस्कीमो शिकारियों का अस्थायी घर होते हैं ।
हाउसबोट
यह लकड़ी का घर होता है, जो हमेशा पानी में रहता है ।
इन घरों पर खूबसूरत नक्काशी होती है ।
ये पर्यटकों के लिए होते हैं ।
हाउसबोट 80 फीट तक लंबे होते हैं ।
ये कश्मीर और केरल में पाये जाते हैं ।
कश्मीर के हाउसबोट की छतों पर लकड़ी की नक्काशी को खतमबंद कहते हैं ।
डोंगे
ये कश्मीर में पाये जाने वाले बिना नक्काशी के हाउसबोट होते हैं ।
ये स्थानीय लोगों द्वारा रहने के लिए उपयोग किए जाते हैं ।
इनमें अलग अलग कमरे होते हैं ।
टेंट
यह एक अस्थायी निवास है ।
यह अलग अलग क्षेत्रों में अलग अलग चीजों से बनता है ।
गरीब लोग शहरों में प्लास्टिक का टेंट लगाते हैं ।
कुछ जगहों पर कपड़ों के टेंट का भी उपयोग होता है ।
पर्वतारोहियों के टेंट दो लेयर वाली प्लास्टिक से बने होते हैं , ताकि ठंड ना लगे ।
लद्दाख के चांगपा जनजाति के लोग याक के बालों की पट्टियों से टेंट बनाते हैं । इन टेंटों को रेबो कहते हैं।
हवेली / महल / किले
इन का निर्माण राजा महाराजा या अमीर लोग करवाया करते थे ।
ये बहुत बड़े होते हैं।
इनमें बहुत सारे कमरे होते हैं।
इनकी छतों , दीवारों, खंभों पर खूनसूरत नक्काशियाँ होती हैं।
इनमें पत्थरों और लकड़ियों का बहुत उपयोग होता है ।
आपको यह पोस्ट कैसा लगा ? अपने सुझाव और कमेन्ट देने के लिए नीचे दिये गए कमेन्ट सेक्सन का प्रयोग करें। अगर आपको यह पोस्ट पसंद आया तो इसे अपने दोस्तों के साथ जरूर शेयर करें।
Dear readers, in this post Birds and their specific features for environmental studies are given. Birds have feathers, toothless beaked jaws, a four-chambered heart. They breathe through lungs like reptiles, fishes and amphibian. Their boat shaped body, hollow bones wings, feathers help them in flying. They have high metabolic rate and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. They also possess invisible hair and reproduces by Oviparous method (laying of eggs). Examples are parrot, sparrow, pigeon, eagle etc.
Birds sits on the branches of trees. It’s claws are made so that it helps in grasping the branches of trees.
Birds have fixed eye position, they rotate their neck in order to see in different direction. Among all the birds Owls can rotate their neck nearly upto 360 degree but myna can move its neck back and front with jerk.
Birds can see at different direction at a time as they have eyes on the left and right side of the face.
Peacock posses unique anatomy which makes them beautiful birds.
Peacocks are omnivorous birds, and they mainly eat plants, fruits, seeds, flower petals, ants,insect, and other scraps in the gardens and forests.
Grains are the most common food of peacocks.
Peacock also eat small reptiles, such as young cobra snakes, amphibians, butterflies, chicken, flies and mice vole.
Brood Parasite
These are organisms that rely on the others to raise their Chick . Brood parasitism is a habit of a bird, which does not make its own nest, lays eggs in other bird’s nest secretly and relies on the host bird to raise the chick. Koel is a brood parasite over crow for development and hatching of its eggs.
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There are various types of animals in the world. Some animals have their special characteristics. Animals and their characteristics are given below in this post. These animals characteristics are important for competitive examinations like CTET, UPTET, TET, KVS etc.
1 – Elephant
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Elephants is herbivorous (feed on plants) animal. One elephant can eat 300 pounds (136 kg) of food in one day. They drinks about 2 gallons(7.5 litres) of water at a time. Elephants sleep and rest less to maintain body temperature. They have large ear flaps which help to control their body temperature. Elephant trunk is elongated nose and upper lip.
Female tend to live in family groups. Leader of group is the oldest female elephant. Male leaves their family group when they reach puberty. Calves are the centre of attention in their family group and rely on their mother for as long as 3 years. Their life span is about 70 years.
2 – Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee is a very clever animal. They live in groups of 3 to 80 members. Elder male is the leader of the group. Their life span is about 50 years.
3 – Giraffe
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Giraffe is tallest mammal of the earth. Their height is about 5 meter. They sleep for very less time (2 hrs in 24 hrs). They can eat around 25 kg leaf in a day. Their life span is about 25 years.
4 – Whale
Blue whale is the largest animal of earth. They are mammals. Their life span is about 90 years.
5 – Earthworm
An earthworm is a tube shaped segmented worm. They live in soil. They feed live and dead organic matter. Earthworm improve soil fertility by converting large organic matter into rich humus. Hence they are also considered farmers’s friend. Earthworms are useful in making vermicompost also. Their life span is about 8 years.
Dolphins are mammals. Dolphin live in social groups of 5 to several hundred members. They use echolocation to find prey and communicate with each other in water. Gangetic dolphin is national water animal of India and it is said to represent the purity of holy Ganga river as it can only survive in pure and fresh water. Their life span is about 25 years.
7 – Tiger
Tiger is known as king of the forest. Tiger may consume upto 40 kg (88 pond) of meat at one time. It has two times more sight capacity than humans in night. For hearing they can move their ears in different direction. Their roar can be hear upto 3 kms. Their life span is about 26 years.
8 – Rhinoceros
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Rhinoceros is second longest terrestrial animal after elephant. Rhinoceros are herbivorous (feed on plants). Their weight may be 1000 kg. They have around 1 ½ cm thick skin. They have one horn on nose hence called as rhino. Their life span is about 50 years.
9 – Sloth
Sloth are mammals which looks like beer. Sloth are nocturnal (active at night) animal. They sleep around 17 hrs in day time. They are good swimmer and their life span is about 25 years.
Sloth make very good habitat for other organisms and a single may be home several species of moths, beetles, cockroaches, fungi and algae.
